✍️✍️✍️ Romanticism Literary Movement
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The Romantic Period in American Literature and Art
The Nazarenes, a group of painters founded in Vienna in , favored medieval and early Italian Renaissance painting, repudiating the popular Neoclassical style preferred at the time. The leading German Romanticist Caspar David Friedrich worked predominantly in landscape painting and explored man's relation to the land. Landscape painting became an allegory for the human soul as well as a symbol of freedom and boundlessness that subtly critiqued the political restrictedness of the time. In the midst of the Peninsular War raged by Napoleon and the Spanish War of Independence, Spanish Romantic painters began exploring more subjective views of landscapes and portraits, valorizing the individual.
Francisco de Goya was by far the most prominent of the Spanish Romantics. While he was the official painter for the Royal Court, toward the end of the 18 th century, he began exploring the imaginary, the irrational, and the horrors of human behavior and war. His works, including the painting The Third of May, and the series of etchings The Disasters of War , stand as powerful rebukes of war during the Enlightenment era. Increasingly withdrawn, Goya made a series of Black Paintings that explored the terrors held within the innermost recesses of the human psyche. After the Napoleonic Wars ended with Napoleon in exile, the Romantic painters began challenging the Neoclassicism of Jacques Louis David , the foremost painter during the French Revolution, and the overall Neoclassical style favored by the Academy.
Unlike their German counterparts, the French had a larger repertoire of subjects that included portraiture and history painting. The French also developed a strong sculptural rendition of Romanticism. He also created works like his Flayed Horse I c. Romanticist sculpture was drawn to scenes of beasts of prey and fighting animals in which the animals were depicted as a writhing surge of bodies. With the exception of William Blake, who practiced a more visionary art, the English Romantic painters favored landscape. Their depictions, however, were not as dramatic and sublime as their German counterparts, but were more naturalistic.
The Norwich School was a group of landscape painters that developed from the Norwich Society of Artists. John Crome, was a founding member of the group and the first president of the Norwich Society, which held annual exhibitions from Working in both watercolor and oil painting, Crome, like other members of the group emphasized en plein air painting and scientific observation of the landscape. Nonetheless, his work and the work of other artists in the group reflected a Romantic sensibility, as seen in his Boys Bathing on the River Wensum, Norwich , which depicts a precisely observed scene along the Wensum River yet conveys the feeling of human harmony with the sublime beauty of the area.
John Constable was the most influential of the English landscape painters, combining close observation of nature with a deep sensitivity. Rebelling against standard practices of the academy, he wrote to his friend, "For the last two years I have been running after pictures, and seeking the truth at second hand.. I have not endeavored to represent nature with the same elevation of mind with which I set out, but have rather tried to make my performances look like the work of other men.. The great vice of the present day is bravura, an attempt to do something beyond the truth.
Color was most radically explored by J. Turner was a prolific, yet eccentric and reclusive, artist working in oils, watercolors, and prints. Turner's application of color in rapid strokes created an impastoed and dynamic surface that earned him the epithet "the painter of light. American Romanticism found its primary expression in the landscape painting of the Hudson River School , between While the movement began with Thomas Doughty, whose work emphasized a kind of quietism in nature, the most famous member of the group was Thomas Cole , whose landscapes convey a sense of awe at the vastness of nature.
Durand , and Albert Bierstadt. The works of most of these artists focused on the landscape of the Adirondacks, White Mountains, and Catskills of the Northeast but gradually branched out into the American West as well as South and Latin American landscapes. Working from sketches that they made outdoors, the artists would create the paintings later in their studios, sometimes using composites of various scenes to create an image of a somewhat imaginary location. The emphasis in such paintings was often upon awe-inspiring, dramatic vistas, where the human figure would appear to be dwarfed, and where an overwhelming and sublime sense of nature's beauty would be conveyed. Romanticism in architecture rebelled against the Neoclassical ideals of the 18 th century primarily by evoking past styles.
Styles from other periods and regions in the world were incorporated, all with the purpose of evoking feeling, whether a nostalgic longing for the past or for exotic mystery. Accordingly, architecture was dominated by "revival" styles, like the Gothic Revival and the Oriental Revival. Though the incorporation of Gothic design began in the s, the Gothic Revival became a dominant movement in the s.
In France, the historian Arcisse de Caumont's writing provided an intellectual foundation for the interest in antiquities, but it was Victor Hugo's novel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame that popularized the neo-Gothic craze. Pugin with architect Charles Berry, exemplifies the Gothic Revival style. The seaside home of King George IV includes onion domes and minarets and variations on crenellations in the building to create an imposing but exotic presence which includes elements of Asian and Middle-Eastern styles.
Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign to Egypt inspired an interest in ancient Egyptian culture, leading to the use of Egyptian columns, obelisks, pylons, and sphinx sculptures. Romanticism began to fade at various times in different countries, but by the s, with the introduction of photography and increasing industrialization and urbanization, artistic styles start trending more toward Realism. These artists depicted medieval, religious, and Shakespearean subject matter filtered through a Romantically-tinged naturalism. They emphasized the imagination as well as the connections between the visual arts and literature.
Turner's and Delacroix's studies and uses of color as well as their vigorous brushstrokes had a significant influence on Impressionism. Their emphasis on color rather than line as a primary mode of composition particularly influenced Georges Seurat's development of Neo-Impressionism and color theory, which became a foundation for later movements like Fauvism and Orphism. Some of Pablo Picasso's most noted works like Guernica reflect the continuing influence of Goya on his fellow countrymen. The gruesome results of war and abjection found a new audience who had experienced their own brutal wars in the 20 th century. William Blake's use of image and text to convey a single vision was influential in many modern art movements; Italian Futurism , Orphism , Russian Futurism , Dada , and Surrealism all combined text and image in a variety of ways.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved Arnim B. Shelley P. Theologians and philosophers. Schlegel F. Germanic peoples. Ethnolinguistic group of Northern European origin primarily identified as speakers of Germanic languages. Victor Hugo was at the forefront of the French Romantic literary movement and he is the best known French Romantic poet. Le Pape The Pope; Lifespan: January 22, — April 19, Lord Byron is often described as the most flamboyant and notorious of the major Romantics due to his indulgent life and numerous love affairs. Many of his poems are autobiographic in nature and much of his work is pervaded by the Byronic hero , an idealised but flawed character capable of great passion and talent but rebellious, arrogant and self-destructive.
Lord Byron is considered the leading second generation Romantic poet and he continues to be influential and widely read. Don Juan She Walks in Beauty Lifespan: April 7, — April 23, Wordsworth, along with Coleridge, launched the Romantic Age in English literature with the publication of Lyrical Ballads in Here he became friends with another prominent poet, Robert Southey.
Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were the three main figures of the group known as Lake Poets, as they all lived in the Lake District. The years to are now recognized as the best years of Wordsworth and are known as his Great Decade. After struggling initially, Wordsworth became one of the most renowned poets in his later years and was appointed Poet Laureate of Britain in The Prelude , an autobiographical epic, is widely regarded by critics as his greatest work though his most popular poem is perhaps I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, commonly known as Daffodils. William Wordsworth is considered a pioneer of Romanticism and one of the greatest poets in English literature.
Daffodils Tintern Abbey The Prelude Lifespan: January 19, — October 7, Nationality: American. Widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States , Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most influential and famous figures of American literature. His poems appear throughout popular culture and lines from them are often quoted. Poe is celebrated as the supreme exponent of Dark Romanticism , a genre which focuses on human fallibility, self-destruction, judgement, punishment and the demonic; as well as the psychological effects of guilt and sin. The best known poem of Poe is The Raven.
It influenced numerous later works including the famous painting Nevermore by Paul Gauguin. Apart from being one of the most famous poets, Edgar Allan Poe is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and an important contributor to the emerging genre of science fiction. The Raven Annabel Lee A Dream Within a Dream Lifespan: November 28, — August 12, William Blake remained largely unknown during his lifetime but rose to prominence after his death and is now considered a highly influential figure in the history of poetry and one of the greatest British artists.
The collection often contains poems with similar themes, and at times the same title, to contrast the innocent world of childhood in Songs of Innocence with the corruption and repression of the adult world in Songs of Experience. Blake claimed to experience visions throughout his life. He revered the Bible but was hostile to the Church of England and organized religion in general.
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