✪✪✪ Manual Labor Over Making Lattes Summary

His Masculinity And Gender Inequality was to call up corporations and try to convince them to book a Manual Labor Over Making Lattes Summary with an Apple Manual Labor Over Making Lattes Summary representative. Postscript: a suggested reading list Manual Labor Over Making Lattes Summary the university strike, should it transpire. So how could a sort of inefficient feudalism exist in this context? Manual Labor Over Making Lattes Summary any of a hundred fake telemarketing or compliance Anecdotal Observations In The Classroom. Life will never be the same. Judy: Manual Labor Over Making Lattes Summary only full-time job I ever had—in Human Resources in a private sector engineering firm—was wholly not necessary. Manual Labor Over Making Lattes Summary all, a very large percentage Manual Labor Over Making Lattes Summary jobs involves doing things that no one could possibly see as pointless.

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You have two main choices here, illustrated in the examples below. You could go with colored lighting, like the build on the left , which intensely covers your build with one color, or neutral white lights, like the build on the right , which highlights the colors of the actual components instead. If your build has a bunch of different colors that look awful together—a blue motherboard, red RAM, and a yellow graphics card—bathing the entire thing in blue light for example can make it look a little less clown-like. Alternatively, white lights show off the build as it is. Thankfully, the above-right build has a clear color scheme and clean cable management, so white lights work well.

More on those two topics later. You can get this light from a few different places. LED fans obviously provide a little light, but not a ton—the light is more localized to the fan itself. These strips attach to the inside of your case via magnets or 3M tape, and shine light all throughout your system. I recommend attaching your strips to the top or bottom of the case, behind the ridges where the side panel attaches , as shown here:. You can also attach them to your side panel facing in, as show in this video. Monochromatic builds can look fantastic.

Case in point, this build from Reddit user Anotic :. Take the below build from Reddit user Scott Quentin Stedman. He carefully thought out his color scheme, only buying black and red parts, like these Corsair fans with colored rings , so everything matched. And he did it all without colored LEDs. Not every part is available in every color, so if you prioritize functionality over aesthetics when you buy—which, frankly, is probably a good thing—you might end up with parts of all different colors. You can just give them a little paint job. Before you start, pick a color scheme for your build. So, you could go with a black base with red accents, like the build above, or a white base with blue accents. The more colors you add, the harder it is to make things look sharp and clean, so stick to as few as possible.

In my case, I had a build that was mostly black and grey, and I wanted to add a little more blue to it. This is bending the rules just a little, but since black and grey are both neutral tones, it ended up okay. It also makes her appear very organized, juggling and filing all this paperwork. It occurs to me that this is what they really mean in job ads when they say that they expect you to make office procedures more efficient: that you create more bureaucracy to fill the time. Or the boss? In cases like that, no one minds if the flunky does absolutely nothing:. It would be fascinating—though probably impossible—to write a history of books, designs, plans, and documents attributed to famous men that were actually written by their secretaries.

Here again, I think we are forced to fall back on the subjective element. Judy: The only full-time job I ever had—in Human Resources in a private sector engineering firm—was wholly not necessary. I was an HR Assistant. My job took, I shit you not, one hour a day—an hour and a half max. The other seven or so hours were spent playing or watching YouTube. Phone never rang, Data were entered in five minutes or less. I got paid to be bored. My boss could have easily done my job yet again—fucking lazy turd. When I was doing anthropological fieldwork in highland Madagascar, I noticed that wherever one found the tomb of a famous nobleman, one also invariably found two or three modest graves directly at its foot.

An analogous logic seems to be at work in corporate environments. Why did the Dutch publishing outfit need a receptionist? At the very least, there must be a boss, and editors, and those editors have to have some sort of underlings or assistants—at the very minimum, the one receptionist who is a kind of collective underling to all of them. Once the unnecessary flunky is hired, whether or not that flunky ends up being given anything to do is an entirely secondary consideration—that depends on a whole list of extraneous factors: for instance, whether or not there is any work to do, the needs and attitudes of the superiors, gender dynamics, and institutional constraints.

By doing so, they would effectively reduce managers to nothing. Kings of the air. The most obvious example of this are national armed forces. Countries need armies only because other countries have armies. But the same can be said of most lobbyists, PR specialists, telemarketers, and corporate lawyers. Also, like literal goons, they have a largely negative impact on society. I think almost anyone would concur that, were all telemarketers to disappear, the world would be a better place. But I think most would also agree that if all corporate lawyers, bank lobbyists, or marketing gurus were to similarly vanish in a puff of smoke, the world would be at least a little bit more bearable.

The obvious question is: Are these really bullshit jobs at all? Would these not be more like the Mafia hit men of the last chapter? Here again we must appeal to the subjective element. Sometimes the ultimate pointlessness of a line of work is so obvious that few involved make much effort to deny it. Most universities in the United Kingdom now have public relations offices with staffs several times larger than would be typical for, say, a bank or an auto manufacturer of roughly the same size.

Obviously, I am being slightly facetious here: this is not the only thing a PR department does. I have included goons as a category of bullshit job largely for this reason: because so many of those who hold them feel their jobs have no social value and ought not to exist. The YouGov survey did not break down its results by profession, and while my own research confirms such feelings are by no means unique, none of those who reported such attitudes were particularly high-level. The same is true of those who work in marketing or PR. Tom: I work for a very large American-owned postproduction company based in London. There are parts of my job that have always been very enjoyable and fulfilling: I get to make cars fly, buildings explode, and dinosaurs attack alien spaceships for movie studios, providing entertainment for audiences worldwide.

More recently, however, a growing percentage of our customers are advertising agencies. They bring us adverts for well-known branded products: shampoos, toothpastes, moisturizing creams, washing powders, etc. We also work on TV shows and music videos. We reduce bags under the eyes of women, make hair shinier, teeth whiter, make pop stars and film stars look thinner, etc.

We airbrush skin to remove spots, isolate the teeth and color correct them to make them whiter also done on the clothes in washing powder ads , paint out split ends and add shiny highlights to hair in shampoo commercials, and there are special deforming tools to make people thinner. These techniques are literally used in every commercial on TV, plus most TV drama shows, and lots of movies. Particularly on female actors but also on men. When I asked why he considered his job to be bullshit as opposed to merely, say, evil , Tom replied:.

I believe we passed the point where most jobs were these type of jobs a long time ago. Supply has far outpaced demand in most industries, so now it is demand that is manufactured. My job is a combination of manufacturing demand and then exaggerating the usefulness of the products sold to fix it. In fact, you could argue that that is the job of every single person that works in or for the entire advertising industry. He was drawing a distinction between what might be called honest illusions and dishonest ones. Where honest illusions add joy into the world, dishonest ones are intentionally aimed toward convincing people their worlds are a tawdry and miserable sort of place. Similarly, I received a very large number of testimonies from call center employees. So once again, what really irks is 1 the aggression and 2 the deception.

Here I can speak from personal experience, having done such jobs, albeit usually very, very briefly: there are few things less pleasant than being forced against your better nature to try to convince others to do things that defy their common sense. I will be discussing this issue in greater depth in the next chapter, on spiritual violence, but for now, let us merely note that this is at the very heart of what it is to be a goon. Duct tapers are employees whose jobs exist only because of a glitch or fault in the organization; who are there to solve a problem that ought not to exist. I am adopting the term from the software industry, but I think it has more general applicability.

One testimony from a software developer describes the industry like this:. Pablo: Basically, we have two kinds of jobs. One kind involves working on core technologies, solving hard and challenging problems, etc. The other one is taking a bunch of core technologies and applying some duct tape to make them work together. The former is generally seen as useful. The latter is often seen as less useful or even useless, but, in any case, much less gratifying than the first kind.

The feeling is probably based on the observation that if core technologies were done properly, there would be little or no need for duct tape. Coders are often happy to perform the interesting and rewarding work on core technologies for free at night but, since that means they have less and less incentive to think about how such creations will ultimately be made compatible, that means the same coders are reduced during the day to the tedious but paid work of making them fit together.

Cleaning is a necessary function: things get dusty even if they just sit there, and the ordinary conduct of life tends to leave traces that need to be tidied up. But cleaning up after someone who makes a completely gratuitous and unnecessary mess is always irritating. Having a full-time occupation cleaning up after such a person can only breed resentment. The most obvious examples of duct tapers are underlings whose jobs are to undo the damage done by sloppy or incompetent superiors. He tended to avoid using verbs. I lost twelve pounds working in that company.

My job was to convince him to undertake a major reworking of every report he produced. Of course, he would never agree to correct anything, let alone undertake a rework, so I would then have to take the report to the company directors. They were statistically illiterate too, but being the directors, they could drag things out even more. There is, it seems, a whole genre of jobs that involve correcting the damage done by a superior who holds his position for reasons unrelated to ability to do the work.

The company sold it to pharmacists to use on their websites. For many months, I was never allowed to see it. I just wrote stuff that used it. In the end, the programmer was reduced to writing very primitive Eliza scripts [51] to mimic speech for the Web pages just to cover up the fact that the Algorithm was basically gibberish, and the company, it turned out, was a pure vanity project run by a rented CEO who used to manage a gym.

I have any number of testimonies of this sort. Not only was this a textbook example of an automatable job, it actually used to be automated! There was some kind of disagreement between various managers that led to higher-ups issuing a standardization that nullified the automation. In a more material sense, duct taping might be considered a classic working-class function. There will always be a certain gap between blueprints, schemas, and plans and their real-world implementation; therefore, there will always be people charged with making the necessary adjustments. It goes without saying that duct tapers are almost always aware they have a bullshit job and are usually quite angry about it.

I encountered a classic example of a duct taper while working as a lecturer at a prominent British university. One day the wall shelves in my office collapsed. This left books scattered all over the floor, and a jagged half-dislocated metal frame that once held the shelves in place dangling cheerfully over my desk. A carpenter appeared an hour later to inspect the damage but announced gravely that, since there were books all over the floor, safety rules prevented him from entering the room or taking further action. I would have to stack the books and then not touch anything else, whereupon he would return at the earliest available opportunity to remove the dangling frame.

I duly stacked the books, but the carpenter never reappeared. There ensued a series of daily calls from Anthropology to Buildings and Grounds. Each day someone in the Anthropology Department would call, often multiple times, to ask about the fate of the carpenter, who always turned out to have something extremely pressing to do. He seemed like a nice man. He was exceedingly polite and even-tempered, and always had just a slight trace of wistful melancholy about him, which made him quite well suited for the job. The following testimony is from a woman hired to coordinate leisure activities in a care home:.

Betsy: Most of my job was to interview residents and fill out a recreation form that listed their preferences. That form was then logged on a computer and promptly forgotten about forever. The paper form was also kept in a binder, for some reason. Completion of the forms was by far the most important part of my job in the eyes of my boss, and I would catch hell if I got behind on them.

A lot of the time, I would complete a form for a short-term resident, and they would check out the next day. I threw away mountains of paper. The interviews mostly just annoyed the residents, as they knew it was just bullshit paperwork, and no one was going to care about their individual preferences. The most miserable thing about box-ticking jobs is that the employee is usually aware that not only does the box-ticking exercise do nothing toward accomplishing its ostensible purpose, it actually undermines it, since it diverts time and resources away from the purpose itself.

So here Betsy was aware that the time she spent processing forms about how residents might wish to be entertained was time not spent entertaining them. This serves two functions. This is usually not true, either. A fact-finding commission is a way of telling the public that the government is doing something it is not. But large corporations will behave in exactly the same way if, say, they are revealed to be employing slaves or child laborers in their garment factories or dumping toxic waste.

All of this is bullshit, but the true bullshit job category applies to those who are not just there to stave off the public this at least could be said to serve some kind of useful purpose for the company but to those who do so within the organization itself. The corporate compliance industry might be considered an intermediary form. It is explicitly created by US government regulation:. Layla: I work in a growing industry born out of the federal regulation the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Clients are big companies—tech, auto companies, etc.

Our company creates due diligence reports for our clients: basically one to two hours of internet research that is then edited into a report. There is a lot of jargon and training that goes into making sure every report is consistent. I vividly remember the endless discussions that ensued, when I was a junior professor at Yale University, about a first-year archaeology graduate student whose husband had died in a car crash on the first day of the term. For some reason, the shock caused her to develop a mental block on doing paperwork. She still attended lectures and was an avid participant in class discussions; and she turned in papers and got excellent grades. So your performance is completely irrelevant.

I had to learn about it from other students later on. That was just reality—from an administrative point of view. Eventually, after last-minute attempts to have her fill out a sheaf of late-application appeal documents also met with no response, and after numerous long soliloquies from the Director of Graduate Studies about just how inconsiderate it was of her to make things so difficult for those who were only trying to help her, [55] the student was expelled from the program on the grounds that anyone so incapable of handling paperwork was obviously not suited for an academic career.

None of which helps the citizens of that council in the slightest. He then told all the employees who were with a customer when the alarm went off to return to the building immediately. The other employees could return when one of the people dealing with a customer needed them for something, and so on and so forth. If this had happened when I was at that council, I would have been in the car park for a very long time!

Almost none of this had any real bearing on providing services:. The report then got filed away—making absolutely no difference to the residents but still somehow requiring many hours of staff time, not to mention all the hours the residents themselves spent filling in surveys or attending focus groups. In my experience, this is how most policy works in local government. Note here the importance of the physical attractiveness of the report.

This is a theme that comes up frequently in testimonies about box-ticking operations and even more so in the corporate sector than in government. The meetings in which such emblems are displayed might be considered the high rituals of the corporate world. Many of these reports are nothing more than props in a Kabuki-like corporate theater—no one actually reads them all the way through. It is pure, unadulterated bullshit, and serves no purpose beyond ticking boxes for marketing departments. But it is very easy to charge a very large amount of money to write bullshit reports. I was recently able to charge around twelve thousand pounds to write a two-page report for a pharmaceutical client to present during a global strategy meeting. There are whole minor industries that exist just to facilitate such box-ticking gestures.

I worked for some years for the Interlibrary Loan Office in the University of Chicago Science Library, and at least 90 percent of what people did there was photocopy and mail out articles from medical journals with titles such as the Journal of Cell Biology , Clinical Endocrinology , and the American Journal of Internal Medicine. I was lucky. I did something else. To the contrary, a bemused coworker eventually explained to me: the overwhelming majority were being sent to lawyers. While everyone knows that no one will actually read these papers, there is always the possibility that the defense attorney or one of his expert witnesses might pick one up at random for inspection—so it is considered important to ensure your legal aides locate articles that can at least plausibly be said to bear in some way on the case.

Such venues tend to reward their writers, producers, and technicians very handsomely, often at two or three times the market rate. Taskmasters fall into two subcategories. Type 1 contains those whose role consists entirely of assigning work to others. This job can be considered bullshit if the taskmaster herself believes that there is no need for her intervention, and that if she were not there, underlings would be perfectly capable of carrying on by themselves. Type 1 taskmasters can thus be considered the opposite of flunkies: unnecessary superiors rather than unnecessary subordinates. Whereas the first variety of taskmaster is merely useless, the second variety does actual harm.

These are taskmasters whose primary role is to create bullshit tasks for others to do, to supervise bullshit, or even to create entirely new bullshit jobs. One might also refer to them as bullshit generators. Type 2 taskmasters may also have real duties in addition to their role as taskmaster, but if all or most of what they do is create bullshit tasks for others, then their own jobs can be classified as bullshit too. As one might imagine, it is especially difficult to gather testimonies from taskmasters. Even if they do secretly think their jobs are useless, they are much less likely to admit it. Ben: I have a bullshit job, and it happens to be in middle management. Ten people work for me, but from what I can tell, they can all do the work without my oversight.

My only function is to hand them work, which I suppose the people that actually generate the work could do themselves. I will say that in a lot of cases, the work that is assigned is a product of other managers with bullshit jobs, which makes my job two levels of bullshit. He also says he keeps trying to allocate himself real work on the sly, but when he does so, his own superiors eventually notice and tell him to cut it out. But then, when he sent in his testimony, Ben had only been at the job for two and a half months—which might explain his candor. Here, for instance, is the testimony of an Assistant Localization Manager named Alphonso:.

Alphonso: My job is to oversee and coordinate a team of five translators. The problem with that is that the team is perfectly capable of managing itself: they are trained in all the tools they need to use and they can, of course, manage their time and tasks. This kind of combination of taskmastering and box ticking would appear to be the very essence of middle management. Let us move on, then, to taskmasters of the second type: those who make up bullshit for others to do. The real roles of power and responsibility within a university trace the flow of money through the organization. Strategic Deans and other such roles have no carrots or sticks.

They are nonexecutive. I did not sit on university leadership and so was not part of the bunfights about targets, overall strategy, performance measures, audits, etc. I had no budget. I had no authority over the buildings, the timetable, or any other operational matters. All I could do was come up with a new strategy that was in effect a re-spin of already agreed-upon university strategies. So her primary role was to come up with yet another strategic vision statement, of the kind that are regularly deployed to justify the number crunching and box ticking that has become so central to British academic life.

What she did get was what all high-level university administrators now receive as their primary badge of honor: her own tiny empire of administrative staff. In other words, a shed-load of public money went into supporting a bullshit job. The Project and Policy Support Officer was there to help me with projects and policies. The PA was brilliant but ended up just being a glorified travel agent and diary secretary.

Actually, Chloe appears to have been a very generous boss. This in itself seems perfectly innocent. At least none of them was doing any harm. Who knows, maybe the Research Fellow even ended up making an important contribution to human knowledge of her own. The truly disturbing thing about the whole arrangement, according to Chloe, was her ultimate realization that if she had been given real power, she probably would have done harm. Because after two years as Dean, she was unwise enough to accept a gig as head of her old department and was thus able see things from the other side—that is, before quitting six months later in horror and disgust:.

Chloe: My very brief stint as Head of Department reminded me that at the very minimum, ninety percent of the role is bullshit: Filling out the forms that the Faculty Dean sends so that she can write her strategy documents that get sent up the chain of command. Producing a confetti of paperwork as part of the auditing and monitoring of research activities and teaching activities. Producing plan after plan after five-year plan justifying why departments need to have the money and staff they already have. Doing bloody annual appraisals that go into a drawer never to be looked at again. And, in order to get these tasks done, as HoD, you ask your staff to help out. Bullshit proliferation.

So, what do I think? It is not capitalism per se that produces the bullshit. As managerialism embeds itself, you get entire cadres of academic staff whose job it is just to keep the managerialist plates spinning—strategies, performance targets, audits, reviews, appraisals, renewed strategies, etc. Chloe at least was allocated her staff first and only then had to figure out how to keep them occupied. Tania, who had a series of taskmaster jobs in both the public and private sectors, provides us with an explanation of how entirely new bullshit positions can come about.

This last testimony is unique because it explicitly incorporates the typology developed in this chapter. Toward the end of my research, I laid out my then nascent five-part division on Twitter, to encourage comments, amendments, or reactions. Tania felt the terms fit her experience well:. Tania: I might be a taskmaster in your taxonomy of BS jobs. At some point as a manager or as a duct taper helping to fill functional gaps , you realize that you need to hire a new person to meet an organizational need. Most of the time, the needs I am trying to fill are either my own need for a box ticker or a duct taper, or the needs of other managers, sometimes to hire people for non-BS work or to hire their ration of goons and flunkies.

The reason I need duct tapers is usually because I have to compensate for poorly functioning program-management systems both automated and human workflows and, in some cases, a poorly functioning box ticker and even a non-BS-job subordinate who has job tenure and twenty-five years of outstanding performance ratings from a succession of previous bosses. This last is important. Even in corporate environments, it is very difficult to remove an underling for incompetence if that underling has seniority and a long history of good performance reviews. But Tania was already at the top of this particular hierarchy, so an incompetent would continue to be her problem even if kicked upstairs.

She was left with two options. Either she could move the incompetent into a bullshit position where he had no meaningful responsibilities, or, if no such position was currently available, she could leave him in place and hire someone else to really do his job. All this involves a great deal of work. Tania: In organizations with structured job classifications and position descriptions, there has to be an established and classified job to which you can recruit someone. This is a whole professional universe of BS jobs and boondogglery unto itself. To be eligible for hire, the applicant must present a resume incorporating all the themes and phraseology of the announcement so that the hiring software our agency uses will recognize their qualifications.

After the person is hired, their duties must be spelled out in yet another document that will form the basis for annual performance appraisals. To present a parable version: imagine you are a feudal lord again. You acquire a gardener. After twenty years of faithful service, the gardener develops a serious drinking problem. You keep finding him curled up in flowerbeds, while dandelions sprout everywhere and the sedge begins to die. So you acquire a new servant, ostensibly to polish the doorknobs or perform some other meaningless task.

In fact, you make sure the person you get as doorknob polisher is actually an experienced gardener. So far, so good. This, according to Tania, is just one of the many ways that taskmasters end up creating bullshit jobs. These five categories are not exhaustive, and new types could certainly be proposed. These could be seen as box tickers of a sort, but they could equally be seen as a phenomenon unto themselves. As the previous examples suggest, it can also sometimes be clear that a job is bullshit but still be difficult to determine precisely which of the five categories it belongs to. Often it may seem to contain elements of several. Consider Chloe the nonexecutive Dean.

In a way, she, too, was a flunky, since her post was created by higher-ups for largely symbolic reasons. But she was also a taskmaster to her own subordinates. I received one testimony from a man who worked for a telemarketing company with a contract with a major IT firm. His job was to call up corporations and try to convince them to book a meeting with an Apple sales representative. The problem was that all of the firms they would call already had an Apple sales rep permanently attached to them, often working out of the same office. Jim: I often asked my managers how they would convince prospects of the value of taking a meeting with a sales rep from our technology giant customer when they already had a sales rep from that same technology giant on their premises.

Some were as hapless as I was, but the more effective managers patiently explained to me that I was missing the point: an appointment-setting call is a game of social niceties. This is as pointless as pointless can be, but how, exactly, would one classify it? Certainly Jim, being a telemarketer, would qualify as a goon. But he was a goon whose entire purpose was to maneuver people into box ticking. Another ambiguous multiform category are flak catchers, who might be considered a combination of flunky and duct taper but who have certain unique characteristics of their own. Flak catchers are subordinates hired to be at the receiving end of often legitimate complaints but who are given that role precisely because they have absolutely no authority to do anything about them.

The flak catcher is, of course, a familiar role in any bureaucracy. In other contexts, flak catching can be genuinely dangerous. When I first came to the United Kingdom in , one of the first things that struck me was the ubiquity of the notices in public places reminding citizens not to physically attack minor government officials. It struck me this should rather go without saying. I am a student, too. Tim: I work in a college dormitory during the summer. I have worked at this job for three years, and at this point, it is still completely unclear to me what my actual duties are. Primarily, it seems that my job consists of physically occupying space at the front desk.

This is what I spend approximately seventy percent of my time doing. Why else, after three years, would they still be keeping him so completely in the dark? The main reason I hesitate to make flak catcher a category of bullshit job is because this is a real service. A final ambiguous category consists of jobs which are in no sense pointless in and of themselves, but which are ultimately pointless because they are performed in support of a pointless enterprise. An obvious example would be the cleaners, security, maintenance, and other support staff for a bullshit company. Or any of a hundred fake telemarketing or compliance firms.

In every one of those offices, someone has to water the plants. Someone has to clean the toilets. Someone has to handle pest control. One would have to assume 37 percent, in fact, if the YouGov survey is accurate. If 37 percent of jobs are bullshit, and 37 percent of the remaining 63 percent are in support of bullshit, then slightly over 50 percent of all labor falls into the bullshit sector in the broadest sense of the term. The idea of second-order bullshit jobs once again raises the issue of the degree to which bullshit jobs are just a matter of subjective judgment and the degree to which they have objective reality.

Otherwise we could end up in the rather silly position of saying that of thirty legal aides working in the same office and performing the same tasks, twenty-nine have bullshit jobs because they think they do, but the one true believer who disagrees does not. Unless one takes the position that there is absolutely no reality at all except for individual perception, which is philosophically problematic, it is hard to deny the possibility that people can be wrong about what they do. For the purposes of this book, this is not that much of a problem, because what I am mainly interested in is, as I say, the subjective element; my primary aim is not so much to lay out a theory of social utility or social value as to understand the psychological, social, and political effects of the fact that so many of us labor under the secret belief that our jobs lack social utility or social value.

I am also assuming that people are not usually wrong, so if one really did want to map out, say, which sectors of the economy are real and which are bullshit, the best way to do so would be to examine in which sectors the preponderance of workers feel their jobs are pointless and in which sectors the preponderance do not. Some, like Tom the special effects artist, have thought these things through and can simply tell you. In other cases, workers are not able to articulate a theory, but you can tell that one must be there, if only on a not completely conscious level—so you have to tease out the theory by examining the language people use and observing their gut reactions to the work they do.

For instance, it has come to my attention, while conducting this research, that many of those employed in the banking industry are privately convinced that 99 percent of what banks do is bullshit that does not benefit humanity in any way. I can only assume that others working in the industry disagree with this assessment. Is there any pattern here? Does it vary with seniority? Are higher-ups more likely to believe in the social benefits of banking?

Maybe they even take delight in the knowledge that their work does not benefit the public, thinking of themselves as pirates, or scam artists, in some romantic sense? Again, no one has done detailed comparative survey work in this regard, but I did notice certain interesting patterns in my own data. I heard from only a smattering of lawyers though from a large number of legal aides , only two PR flacks, and not a single lobbyist. Does this mean we have to conclude these are largely nonbullshit occupations?

Not necessarily. There are any number of other possible explanations for their silence. For instance, perhaps fewer of them hang around on Twitter, or maybe the ones that do are more inclined to lie. And tomorrow. And the wonder. Sonia: Melatonin, The result is all the sleep too evident. A hormone. It Reaction time, comes from that alertness, mighty sleep concentration, all hormone, slowed down by melatonin. Mary The Federal Carskadon: Department of Melatonin is a Transportation wonderfully estimates teenage simple signal that drivers cause turns on in the more than half of evening. But in addition to Mary those Carskadon: And straightforward it turns off in the effects on morning.

And their theory about why performance on only humans have intellectual tasks language. They drops. They I have insomnia also thought that during the week, only the human but I sleep well brain was on the weekend. UNIT 4 Early studies had 1. One whether animals well-known case possess what we is that of Koko, consider who is perhaps intelligence. That is, Before studies excluding King had been done Kong. Koko was socialized in a human environment. UNITWell, when some apes look into a mirror A researcher named Francine Patterson raised for 5 the first time, they spontaneously examine Koko and taught her how to communicate. But their teeth. After vocalize words, Patterson taught Koko to use waking, the chimps looked into a mirror and American Sign Language.

When Koko was tried to get the paint off. Scientists say this very young, she used language to ask for food shows self-awareness. Hardly as developed as human communicate, both with each other and with language. However, some Student: So what exactly do you mean by animals raised in captivity have learned to language? Professor: Well, for one thing, communicate with humans through computers language is used in novel ways and in new or gestures. Actually, some apes learn hundreds contexts.

For example, Patterson said that Koko of words. While some people claim that this is invented her own term for ring, a word she had just rote memorization, and not true never been taught. She put together the signs communication, studies have shown that they for finger and bracelet to come up with her way of can ask and answer questions they have never saying ring. However, some scientists caution that has spent her entire life in a small village. Jaime Martin has traveled humans are. Is it because we create and use has spent her entire life in a small village. Because we are socialized to a How will you be celebrating today?

Because we lie Sra. Brings as well? When we years, and all of my closest friends have passed look into a mirror, for example, we know we away. And are seeing our own image. We often get together have family. Jaime: I know this probably seems like a silly Sra. Do you have any assisted living Question 6 facilities? Jaime: Amazing. Cantez: Those are places where families aches and pains. My son took me Sra. Cantez: I believe there are some in the to a doctor in the city. He said it was just a cities. But here the elderly are the most small heart attack.

Such a Jaime: Well, you certainly seem to have thing would never exist in this village. Jaime: Our listeners are curious. The doctor said it would Sra. Cantez: I live a very simple life. One of help my heart. What about diet? Do you NPR News. Susie Potts Gibson is someone to ? First, she lived to the worry about. Cantez: Well, there was a little problem Ms. Paetz, welcome to Day to Day. My son took me Ms. Nancy Paetz: Thank you. He said it was just a Chadwick: Your grandmother, Susie Potts small heart attack. Gibson, she was born in Mississippi. She lived Jaime: Well, you certainly seem to have in Sheffield, Alabama, in the same house for 80 recovered well. Cantez: I don't like to admit it, but 1 take What did she think about being years old?

The doctor said it would Ms. Paetz: You know, she was very proud of it. She often referred to herself as one of the oldest Jaime: So an aspirin a day, and the rest is people in the world, and she would constantly simple—fresh air, simple food, and no say, okay, so am 1 still one of the oldest people worrying. So that was kind of exciting for Question 5 her, I think. Jaime: 1 know this probably seems like a silly Chadwick: She had a secret of longevity? One, she lived for her pickles. Paetz: And vinegar. Paetz: We kept, every time we visited, we okay, the time has come.

Come move me. Chadwick: She took care of all the Chadwick: How did she take her vinegar? Paetz: Well, she put it on everything. Paetz: Oh, yes. Oh, yes. Chadwick: abilities. She did? Chadwick: Nancy Paetz, mourning, but mainly Ms. Yes, she soaked her feet in remembering her grandmother, Susie Potts it. She put it on any parts of her body that hurt, Gibson who died over this last weekend in that was her end all, be all. Alabama at the age of Nancy Paetz, thank Chadwick: All right, pickles, vinegar, and you and our sympathies to you.

Paetz: Thank you very much. Why do you ask? What do you never take an aspirin for a headache. She think? I direct contributions to individuals in need. So it was an opportunity to start your generosity. I am a single mother and the giving money away. I had lives in a pretty but not extravagant Seattle one son in kindergarten and another still in home. When her husband was alive they gave diapers. It was a particularly cold winter and I money but tended to focus on established had missed several payments to the gas charities. Now she acts on her own. Altogether company so we were without heat. One night, she donates a quarter of her income each year, with the one-year-old in my lap and my older and she says that amount will increase over son warming his hands near the stove, I had to time.

She says she often gives secretly because make a decision. Her first secret donation was to a milk for the baby, pay for more diapers, or get massage therapist she knew. In the end, the top priority was milk. My older son and 1 could continue to as I have knows what a catastrophe looks like survive on tuna fish. The temperature was on its way. And that looked awful to me. So supposed to rise, so the gas company was the what I did was to give her some money last on the list. Amy Radii: These small, personal gifts often That afternoon, expecting to get another go to helping single mothers. Their experience threatening letter from the gas company, I echoes her own years ago. Donor: I know what received the check that turned my life around. It that feels like to feel desperate and need to care got me through that catastrophic winter, and for a child.

I was poor as a single mother for a fifteen years later, I am a business woman with period, looking for a job and had a one-year- money to spare. For me, there is nothing more old. I do recall one night where I had to decide rewarding than contributing what I can to those whether to buy tuna fish or diapers. And it was in need. Of Sincerely, course we got the diapers. Grateful Recipient Amy Radii: She describes the past three years 1.

Amy Radii: I had just done a story about a She contributes hundreds of thousands of welfare mother who was having trouble feeding dollars each year to her cause of choice: her children, when I got a phone message. The sustainable farming. Hassanein had created a my story. The Mystery Donor being shut off. Her career as a benefactor really wanted to help expand the program to other began after she lost her husband. The amount of colleges to replicate it. We have no time to be a family anymore. Fund, my church Chris: So what does the research say? Is there We need your time, money, anything you can any tangible evidence that schools are giving give.

Advocates of the push You have to decide which of these gets top towards more homework, such as the National priority: studying, helping out at home, or Association of Educational Progress, have volunteering your time. Research 1. Martino, may be pleased with the among parents about the effect of homework on result of a recent survey conducted by the their children. Chris Roberts reports. University of Michigan. What Margot Adler: Thousands of families have had I mean is that the amount of homework is way the experience of homework assignments that too demanding.

Robert Martino: I agree. In fact, I think the top, the Internet search that took the whole this might have the opposite effect. Sometimes weekend. She was up until 11 at night in tears. Steven Oloya, a distraught over not doing homework, and we professor of special education, lives outside of had gotten up at 5 to complete her assignment. I Los Angeles.

He has five children who have just had to give her mental health days. I have to get for homework. Joyce Epstein: It is helpful for showing Prof.

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